Is there a good end-to-end course for modern workplace engineering?

That sounds more like a learning track than one course. Microsoft Learn has material across the individual products, so it is a reasonable place to start building a plan around the areas you need.

I'd group it into endpoint management, identity and access, security and compliance, then automation and migration. Use your Intune experience as the starting point and pick a course or module for each gap rather than expecting one course to go deep on everything.

Build a lab alongside whatever training you choose. Turn each major topic into a small project: enroll devices, deploy an app, test compliance and Conditional Access, then troubleshoot a policy that doesn't behave as expected.

From there, add identity, security, and a PowerShell or Graph automation project. A course can explain the components, but connecting them and figuring out why something failed is a different skill.

Don't overlook the non-Microsoft side of the workplace. Depending on the role, managing Macs or understanding Linux servers may matter too. A Microsoft-focused track is useful, but it won't necessarily cover the whole environment an employer expects you to support.

Courses and certifications can give you structure, but neither is a substitute for hands-on work. Azure alone is too broad to absorb in a short course, so pick the parts relevant to your target role and look for opportunities to apply them in real environments as well as labs.