Are there courses that teach computer construction from logic gates to an operating system?

Nand2Tetris is already unusually comprehensive because it deliberately connects all those layers. You may find more depth by following it with separate courses or books on computer architecture, compiler design, and operating systems rather than looking for one identical replacement.

A major issue is what “from scratch” means. Making semiconductors from raw materials or fabricating modern processors is an enormous industrial process, while building a computer from commercially available chips or transistors is much more manageable. Define that boundary first, then combine resources for digital logic, architecture, assembly, compilers, and operating systems.

The scope is close to several areas of computer and electrical engineering. A single course can give you a useful tour, but mastering everything from logic circuits through compilers and operating systems would take much longer than one class. It’s best to choose a specific depth and build outward from there.

For the hardware side, start with a solid computer architecture textbook. Ben Eater’s video series are also useful because they demonstrate a simple processor and related circuits with accessible, hands-on explanations.

Turing Complete is a game-based way to explore many of these ideas. You build increasingly complicated digital systems while learning how the pieces fit together, so it can be a fun supplement to a more formal course.