How do you manage backups as infrastructure as code?

For managed services, use the provider's native automated backup settings and represent them in Terraform or a similar tool. For Kubernetes workloads, an operator or workflow can handle backups and restore drills. Whatever tool you choose, make sure failures generate alerts; an unmonitored backup process can create a false sense of safety.

The backup system and its configuration are code; the backup data itself is the resulting payload. That distinction is one reason backup policies may be managed separately from the application infrastructure. In many environments, the practical goal is simply to codify schedules, retention, destinations, permissions, and the commands needed to restore everything.

There is no fundamental reason backups cannot be managed as infrastructure as code. IaC is largely a structured way to call provider APIs, so if the backup system exposes REST or another programmable interface, its configuration can be versioned, reviewed, and applied just like any other infrastructure.

Restore validation is often the part people forget to define. A backup that has never been restored is only an assumption. It is useful to schedule restores into a temporary environment and verify things such as row counts, expected records, application health, or checksums. Workflow tools can make those tests observable and alertable, which is safer than an unattended cron job.

A cron job or backup script can still be part of an IaC workflow. For example, managed database backups can be defined with Terraform, while a custom backup process can be deployed and configured with Ansible. The important part is that the job is reproducible and monitored rather than configured manually.